Genuine optimism meaning11/26/2023 Furthermore, these effects are highly influenced by an individual's unique circumstances. (2022) was that the effects of stress and resilience capacity rely on various (neuro)biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to determine the level of occurrence and types of positive and negative psychological changes in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic among adults in Slovakia.Īnother significant finding from the study conducted by Manchia et al. Systematic reviews (e.g., Manchia et al., 2022) summarizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health have found that the effects of the pandemic, whether related to COVID-19 itself or related measures, are surprisingly heterogeneous across populations. ![]() ![]() Currently, there is an increasing number of studies that focus on describing and providing deeper understanding of positive psychological changes (e.g., in the context of post-traumatic growth) as a possible consequence of people's experience with the COVID-19 pandemic ( Britton et al., 2019 Tamiolaki and Kalaitzaki, 2020 Asmundson et al., 2021 Lau et al., 2021 Park and Im, 2021 Gökalp et al., 2022). In Slovakia, during this period, 1,458,129 cases of infection among the ~5,428,792 inhabitants and 18,530 deaths were recorded (source ).Īcute and chronic negative psychological, mental, and emotional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented in many studies worldwide. At the time of research data collection in February and March 2022, the global COVID-19 pandemic recorded 441,045,255 cases of infection and 6,013,580 deaths since its outbreak. The first confirmed case in Slovakia was detected on 6 March 2020 ( Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic, 2020). By 31 December 2020, there were more than 82 million confirmed cases worldwide, with more than 1.8 million deaths ( World Health Organization, 2021). In the period of the following few months, the virus spread around the world and caused a worldwide pandemic. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan province in China in December 2019. Hope was identified as a significant independent predictor of negative changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Optimism and pessimism were found to be significant independent predictors of positive changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The high prevalence of positive changes along with the relatively high prevalence of negative changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic outline the question of whether reported positive changes represent real or illusory growth. In total, up to 86% of participants agreed with experienced psychological changes (positive or negative) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Only 29% of participants reported negative changes without noticing any positive perception of the consequences of the pandemic. Overall, 68% of participants reported negative changes related to COVID-19. Only 25% of participants reported positive changes without noticing any negative perception of the consequences of the pandemic. Concurrently, up to 70% of these participants also reported negative changes from the impact of the pandemic. Results: In total, 95% of participants reported positive changes related to COVID-19. The research design was quantitative, exploratory, and confirmatory. The research sample consisted of 102 participants, whose ages ranged from 20 to 65 years ( M age = 38.90, SD = 14.28). Methods: A Short Form of the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (CiOQ-S), the Dispositional Hope Scale (DHS), the Perceived Hope Scale (PHS), and the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) were administered. The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the level of occurrence and types of positive and negative changes in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic among adults in Slovakia and (2) to study the role of personality factors such as hope (dispositional and perceived) and life orientation (optimism and pessimism) in the prediction of positive and negative changes in adults during the fourth pandemic wave. 2Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakiaīackground and objectives: Positive and negative changes in outlook represent psychological changes that are the results of the cognitive processing of stressful and traumatic events by an individual.1Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia. ![]() Erika Jurišová 1 * Lucia Pivková 1 Lucia Ráczová 1 Tomáš Sollár 1 Martina Romanová 2
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